Translate

Friday, November 15, 2013

Authentic Matthew

The Gospel of Matthew is dependent on Gospel of Nazarenes:

James R. Edwards (2009) argues that the canonical Matthew is based on a Hebrew original, and that the citations of the Gospel of the Nazarenes are part of that original.


 An example:

But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire.


Raca, or Raka, in the Aramaic of the Talmud means empty one, fool, empty head.


Note: The phrase "without a cause" is missing from Matthew 5:22 in the Codex Sinaiticus and the Codex Vaticanus.

Further discrepancies:
  • (GN 3) Matthew 4:5 has not "into the holy city" but "to Jerusalem."
  • (GN 5) Matthew 6:11 reads, "Give us today our bread for tomorrow." (Jerome, Commentary on Matthew 6:11)
  • (GN 6) Matthew 7:23 adds, "If ye be in my bosom, but do not the will of my Father in heaven, out of my bosom I will cast you." Compare with noncanonical 2 Clement 4:5.
  • (GN 7) Matthew 10:16 has "wise more than serpents" rather than "wise as serpents."
  • (GN 23) On Matthew 10:34-36, the Syriac translation of Eusebius' Theophania contains: 'He (Christ) himself taught the reason for the separations of souls that take place in houses, as we have found somewhere in the Gospel that is spread abroad among the Jews in the Hebrew tongue, in which it is said, "I choose for myself the most worthy; the most worthy are those whom my Father in heaven has given me."' (Eusebius, Theophania, Syriac translation 4.12)
  • (GN 8) Matthew 11:12 reads "is plundered" instead of "suffers violence."
  • (GN 9) Matthew 11:25 has "I thank thee" rather than "I praise you."
  • (GN 10) At Matthew 12:10-13, the man who had the withered hand is described as a mason who pleaded for help in the following words: "I was a mason seeking a livelihood with my hands. I beseech thee, Jesus, to restore me to my health, that I may not in shame have to beg for my food." (Jerome, Commentary on Matthew 12:13)
  • (GN 11) Matthew 12:40 omits "three days and three nights" immediately preceding "in the heart of the earth."
  • (GN 12) Matthew 15:5 reads, "It is a korban (offering) by which ye may be profited by me." Compare Mark 7:11.
  • (GN 14) Matthew 16:17 has Hebrew "Shimon ben Yochanan" (Simon son of John) instead of Aramaic "Simon Bar-Jonah" (Simon son of Jonah).
  • (GN 15) At Matthew 18:21-22, Jesus is recorded as having said: "If your brother has sinned by word, and has made three reparations, receive him seven times in a day." Simon his disciple said to him, "Seven times in a day?" The Lord answered, saying to him, "Yea, I say unto thee, until seventy times seven times. For in the Prophets also, after they were anointed with the Holy Spirit, a word of sin was found.(Jerome, Against Pelagius 3.2)
  • (GN 16) At Matthew 19:16-24, Origen, in his Commentary on Matthew, records there having been two rich men who approached Jesus along the way. Origen records that the second rich man asked Jesus, "Rabbi, what good thing can I do that I may live?" He (Jesus) said to him, "Man, fulfill the Law and the Prophets." He answered him, "I have done (so)." Jesus said, "Go, sell all that you have, and distribute to the poor; and come, follow me." But the rich man began to fidget (some copies read, 'began to scratch his head'), for it did not please him. And the Lord said to him, "How can you say, 'I have fulfilled the Law and the Prophets', when it is written in the Law: 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself', and many of your brothers, sons of Abraham, are covered with filth, dying of hunger, and your house is full of many good things, none of which goes out to them?" And he (Jesus) turned and said to Simon his disciple, who was sitting by him, "Simon son of John, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for the rich to enter into the Kingdom of Heaven."(Origen, Commentary on Matthew 19:16-30)
  • (GN 17) At Matthew 21:12, Jerome records, "For a certain fiery and starry light shone from His eyes, and the majesty of the Godhead gleamed in His face." Also, there is quoted in a marginal note of a thirteenth-century manuscript of the Aurora by Peter of Riga the following: "Rays issued forth from His eyes which terrified them and put them to flight."
  • (GN 18) Matthew 23:35 reads "Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada" instead of "Zechariah, the son of Barachiah."(Jerome, Commentary on Matthew 23:35)
  • (GN 21) Matthew 27:51 states not that the veil of the temple was rent, but that the lintel of the temple of wondrous size collapsed.(Jerome, Letter to Hedibia 120.8)
 
Jerome describes the language of the original Matthew as "Chaldee" written with "Hebrew characters". Chaldee is Aramaic:

Quote:
The evidence of these verses would tend to support the claims of St. Papias and Irenaeus that the Gospel of Matthew was originally written in Aramaic presumably for Aramaic speakers in Syria-Palestine.

The Act of Consecration of Man


Let us worthily fulfill the Act of Consecration of Man: 
Out of the revelation of Christ
In reverence of Christ
In mindfulness of Christ’s deed. 
The Father-God be in us.
The Son-God create in us.
The Spirit-God enlighten us. 
Christ in you-
And may He fill your spirit. 

The Father-God be in us.
The Son-God create in us.
The Spirit-God enlighten us.  


(Epistle is read.)
Christ in you –
And may He fill your spirit. 

I. The Gospel
The Father-God be in us.
The Son-God create in us.
The Spirit-God enlighten us. 
 
My heart be filled with Your pure life, Oh Christ.
From my lips let flow the word purified by You.
For if Your Grace makes me worthy, my heart can be pure, and pure my word. 
So live Your word worthily upon my lips, and borne by thy Spirit reach into those to whom it shall be proclaimed. 
 
Your blessing, Oh Christ, stream living through the word. 
May You be in my heart.
May Thy word flow from my lips.
Then from a worthy source and in a right stream, thy gospel is proclaimed. 

Christ in you –
And may He fill your spirit. 
 
Now is proclaimed the Gospel from the ____ Chapter of ____.
May it be revealed through You, Oh Christ.
(Insert Pericope.) 

We lift up our soul to You, Oh Christ.
The word of the Gospel wipes out that which lives impure in our word. 

An Almighty Divine Being, spiritual-physical is the ground of existence of the heavens and of the earth who goes before His creatures like a Father. 

Christ, through whom human beings attain the re-enlivening of the dying earth-existence, is to this divine being as the Son born in eternity. 
In Jesus, The Christ entered as Man into the earthly world. The birth of Jesus upon earth is a working of the Holy Spirit who, to heal spiritually the sickness of sin within the bodily nature of mankind, prepared the son of Mary to be the vehicle of the Christ. 

The Christ Jesus suffered under Pontius Pilate the death on the cross, and was lowered into the grave of the earth. 
In death, He became the helper of the souls of the dead who had lost their divine nature.
Then He overcame death after three days.
Since that time, He is the Lord of the heavenly forces upon earth, and lives as the fulfiller of the Fatherly deeds of the Ground of the World.

He will in time unite for the advancement of the world with those whom through their bearing, he can wrest from the death of matter. Through Him can the healing spirit work.
Communities whose members feeling the Christ within themselves, may feel united in a church to which belong those who are aware of the healing-bringing power of the Christ.
They may hope for the overcoming of the sickness of sin, for the continuance of Man’s being, and for the preservation of their life destined for eternity. 
Yea so it is.

Christ in you-
And may He fill your spirit. 
(A Festival reading is given during appropriate times.) 



II. The Offertory
The Father-God be in us.
The Son-God create in us.
The Spirit-God enlighten us. 

Receive, Divine Ground of the World, weaving in widths of space and in depths of time, this offering brought to Thee, through me, Thy unworthy creature.

I bring it because to You have also flowed my strayings from You, my denials of Your being, my weaknesses.

With me bring it all who are here present, with me may there bring it all true Christians who are born, with me may there bring it all who have died, that they bury not their eternal being for the sake of their temporal.
Yea so be it.

Divine Ground of the World, who has fashioned out of the members of His being, the being of Mankind in the supersensible, You who have transformed what was fashioned, to You my willing turn.

The power of this willing springs from feeling, that unites with Christ who lives in thy life.

And may my thinking live in the life of the Holy Spirit, through all cycles of the Earth to come.

To You, Oh Ground of the World, be offered this draught of health.

May it enliven the good, that that also can raise itself to the heavens which has fallen to the earth.

May the fragrance ascend, as this God-willed being is descended.
Yea, so be it.

We all draw near to You in soul, Oh Christ, that You offer us with You, and Your light shine upon our day, and that You may accept us.

Come to us Spirit of the widths of space and of the depths of time, and hallow our offering with Your holy being.

May our grounding in the Spirit fill the smoke with blessed Spirit, through Christ’s living in our praying.
Yea so be it.

Christ in us – out of the Christened soul may the smoke ascend, and upon us descend Your grace.

Christ in us – Christ in our prayer – our prayer be for your ear.

Christ in the lifting of our hands – Christ’s light in our daylight.

Before my mouth the threshold be guarded.

A wall hinder my error from streaming around me.

All evil be taken from my words, and good will pour into them. 
In the offering be borne the fire of love, creative of being, and the flame beget timeless existence, that the good endure. 
Yea so be it. 
Christ in you –
And may He fill your spirit.

III. The Transubstatiation
The Father-God be in us.
The Son-God create in us.
The Spirit-God enlighten us. 

Our prayer reach unto You, Oh Ground of the World, through Jesus Christ, Thy son, our Lord.

Your blessing ray out over the pure offering, the offering done in love, the offering fulfilled with good will.

Receive it from our pure thinking, from our loving hearts, from our willing devotion.

We unite for this offering that we be the Community of the Christ.

May He be in us.

He who makes hearts to be at peace, strengthens wills, unites mankind.

So grant He unity to those who confess Him.

May He grant it to all who look towards Him, and would follow Him.

Feel with blessing, Oh Christ, the confession unto You, and hear our praying who are united in Thy name. 
Receive Oh Father God, the Christ offering, even as it would come to life in us.

Be it brought for the redemption of souls, for the attainment of true salvation, for walking with Christ.

Our praying unite with all, who bringing Christ to life within them, have gone before us.

Their sheltering power ray forth to us.

Christ in us – hear our praying, Oh Father-God, for the acceptance of our offering.

This offering is sent to You by the Christian Communion, which knows Christ in freedom, as its helping guide.

Christ in us – Let live, Oh Father-God, in this Christ offering, the body and the blood of your Son, who has His being in love.

Before the agony of his passing, He took the bread for the revealing of salvation, and He looked up to You, His Father, thanking You, and uniting His soul therewith.

Thus He gave it to the disciples to eat, and He said: Take with the bread my body.

After sharing the bread for the way, he took the cup for the making strong of salvation, and He looked up to You, His Father, Thanking Thee, and uniting his
soul therewith.

Thus He gave it to the disciples to drink and he said: Take with the cup my Blood.


And He went on: With this word, Godhead is given again to man, for on the cross will the body bear the new confession, and from the cross will flow in the
blood, the new faith; take this into your thinking.

And so live in our thoughts the new confession, the new faith: this thinking in us, Christ’s suffering and death, His resurrection, His revelation, through all ages of the Earth to come.

To Thee, Oh Father God, the offering be brought: thinking in purity, hoping for salvation, working from Christ.

May Christ hold sway in the bread that bears salvation, in the water* that bestows strength.

Thou, Oh Father-God, did once receive the offerings of those who had not yet Christ.

So may You receive the offering of those who bring it in the name, the being, the power of Christ.

Thy Spirit’s power of grace work earthward, as this offering strives heavenward. 
Let the bread be Christ’s body.

Let the water* be Christ’s blood.

So would we make this offering in as much as Christ is in us.

And we would unite in praying with those from whom You did receive before us Your Son’s offering.

Before Thee, we can do no works; Before Thee, we would overcome sin through Christ, through whom You, oh Father-God, do create, heal, and ensoul – through Christ, through whom You, together with the Healing-Spirit, do fulfill the revelation, the ordering of space, the course of time. 
So be it.

Christ in you –
And may He fill your spirit.
Our Father who is in the Heavens
Hallowed be your name,
Your kingdom come,
Your will be done as above in the heavens so also on the earth,
Give us this day our daily bread
And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us,
And lead not into temptation
But deliver us from the evil.
Yea so be it.
Amen


IV: The Communion

The Father-God be in us.
The Son-God create in us.
The Spirit-God enlighten us.

Thou, Oh Christ, didst say to those walking with Thee:
I stand at peace with the world; this peace with the world can be with you also, because I give it to you.

Therefore make me strong, oh Christ, that in me which wrests itself free from the load of sin, and in thinking and willing joins with You that it stand at peace with the world and unite with the world’s evolving which can come to pass through You in all cycles of time to come. 
Yea so be it. 

Oh Christ, Thou who didst go forth without sickness from the Father God, who didst with the Healing Spirit give continued life to the spirits of human beings, quell through Thy health-bearing Body the might of the sickness of sin and strengthen me in my wrestling soul with Thy health bestowing Blood, that I live evermore with Thee.

Thou who dost bear and order the life of the World, as Thou receivest it from the Father and makest it whole through the Spirit in all cycles of time to come.

Yea so be it.


The receiving of Thy Body Oh Christ be to me who am not sick unto death but unto the life of the soul and of my formative forces, the healing medicine.

Be it through Thee
Thou who dost bear and order the life of the World
as Thou receivest it from the Father
and makest it whole through the Spirit
in all cycles of time to come.

Yea so be it.

I take the bread and do so in the name of the Lord, calling: Oh Christ, sick is the dwelling into which You enter, but through Your word my soul becomes whole. 

I take the bread and do so in the name of the Lord, calling: Oh Christ, sick is dwelling into which You enter, but through Your word my soul becomes whole.

I take the bread and do so in the name of the Lord, calling: Oh Christ, sick is dwelling into which You enter, but through Your word my soul becomes whole. 
The Body of the Lord heal my soul that it continue to live.

Yea so be it.

Take me, for as much as Thou have given Thyself to me.

I take the cup and do so in the name of Lord, calling: Oh Christ, I confess unto that which is revealed through You and the might of Man’s adversary You take from me.

I take the cup and do so in the name of Lord, calling: Oh Christ, I confess unto that which is revealed through You and the might of Man’s adversary You take from me.

I take the cup and do so in the name of Lord, calling: Oh Christ, I confess unto that which is revealed through You and the might of Man’s adversary You take from me. 
The blood of the Lord keep strong my soul, that in the time to come it die not.

Yea so be it.

What my mouth has received become spirit in my soul and what is offered in time change into medicine everlasting.

Thy body, Oh Christ, which I have received and Your blood which enlivens me,
May they penetrate me that the sickness of sin be healed by the medicine that makes whole: the sacrament.


May it come to pass through You, You who do bear and order the life of the world, as You receive it from the Father and make it whole through the spirit in all cycles of time to come.

Yea so be it. 

(Priest delivers the Sacrament to those attending.)
The body of Christ, which you receive, and the blood of Christ, which enlivens you, may they penetrate you that the sickness of sin be healed by the medicine that makes whole: the sacrament. 
May it come to pass through You, You who do bear and order the life of the world, as you receive it from the Father and make it whole through the spirit in all cycles of time to come.

Yea so be it.

The peace be with you.

Christ in you-
And may He fill your spirit.


The Father-God be in us.
The Son-God create in us.
The Spirit-God enliven us.

(Repeat opening Epistle.)

Christ in you –
And may He fill your spirit.  
The Act of Consecration of Man: Thus it has been.



*********************

"In 1919 Rudolf Steiner translated the Opening Sections through Offertory, in 1921 the Canon and Communion of the Missale Romanum (GA343a) and illustrated the Tridentine Mass latin in contrast with the emerging text of the Act of Consecration of Man - throughout several volumes of lectures to priests - but Rudolf Steiner was quite clear that he only facilitated Rittlemeyer to receive the text from the spiritual world. The comment I made many years ago about begging down the archetypes [of a tenth century Mass] is as was told to me by a now quite ancient retired CC priest."
-James Gillen

* This is altered from the text used by the Christian Community. There was no fermented wine at the Last Supper- R. Steiner, The Mystery of Golgotha, December 2, 1906, Cologne. Chametz was not permitted at Passover.

Now is the time to turn wine into water in preparation for the "Water Man", for he leads the way.


He replied, "As you enter the city, a man carrying a jar of water will meet you. Follow him to the house that he enters, and say to the owner of the house, 'The Teacher asks: Where is the guest room, where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?'
-Luke 22.10 



Thursday, November 14, 2013

On Diet- from the Contents of the Esoteric Classes

Vegetarianism without spiritual striving leads to disease. It's not a matter of back to nature but of through nature to the spirit. 

It's true that meditation and concentration exercises will be the main thing for our spiritual striving, but when the elaboration of the astral body begins, the food that an esoteric eats will be of some importance. 

It's especially important to avoid alcohol in every form. The bad effect of alcohol on the brain function has been scientifically shown, and knowledge of spiritual things is made completely impossible through its use. It's inadvisable to eat meat and fish. 


Mushrooms are very harmful; they contain hindering lunar forces, and everything that arose on the old Moon signifies rigidification. Likewise legumes aren't very advisable because their nitrogen pollutes the etheric body. Proteins make mastery of sexual passions difficult. Sugar promotes independence, and should be avoided by egotistical people.

People who tend towards envy, deceit and bad will should avoid cucurbits and vine plants in general. The sweet, intoxicating aroma of melons darkens clear, intellectual consciousness and should be avoided by emotional people. Apples intensify the urge to dominate in some people and often lead to rudeness and brutality. The high iron content in cherries and strawberries isn't good for everyone. 


If someone wants to undergo training in thinking, he mainly needs a well-constructed, healthy brain apparatus. Since present-day parents seldom give their children such well-built brains, one needs help to strengthen one's brain apparatus. And here it's mainly filberts that supply the brain-building substance. All other nuts are of less value and peanuts should be avoided altogether. Milk butter is the best fat. Coffee supports logical thinking, but doesn't make one a logical thinker by itself. Drinking too much coffee leads to hysteria in people who don't think much. One can get good ideas by drinking tea or by doing special exercises. 

It's especially important for an esoteric to lead a life of moderation. An ancient sage said: Moderation purifies feelings, awakens ability, cheers one up and strengthens memory; the soul loses most of its earthy weight and thereby enjoys greater freedom. A man wouldn't be able to generate productive thoughts if he ate too much and too often, because his forces would be used in digestion, and there wouldn't be any left for thinking. Schiller, Shakespeare and many other writers lived on very little food. The mind is never so clear as after long fasting. The greatest saints lived on fruit, bread and water, and no miracles were ever done on a full stomach. 

When a man works on himself he harmonizes his temperaments, but until then a melancholic pupil should eat fruit, so that its sun forces permeate the solidifying and rigidifying element in melancholics. Phlegmatics shouldn't eat black roots (Schwarzwurzel) because they would only increase his inner love of ease. Whereas a sanguine would benefit by eating root vegetables. One could almost say: A sanguine must be fettered to his physical body by food, otherwise he might fly away. The ego is predominant in cholerics, so they should avoid hot spices and stimulating food.

A master doesn't need solid food, and temperaments no longer influence or control him. He uses the choleric temperament to do his magic deeds, he lets the things of the physical world pass by him like a sanguine, he'll behave like a phlegmatic in his enjoyment of life and he'll brood about his spiritual findings and experiences like a melancholic. But it'll take us awhile to get that far, so we should try to bring our whole life into harmony with our spiritual striving. You only get as much out of life as you put into it.


- Rudolf Steiner, no date or place given

Helena Blavatsky & John King

WHEN Isis was published, Vera Jelihovsky became very concerned about her sister Helena, who was writing in a manner that would have been impossible some years previously. She could not understand how HPB had acquired such knowledge, which had led to high praise from the American and British Press. There were rumors that the source of knowledge was "sorcery", and this terrified the family. Indeed, Vera wrote her sister imploring an explanation. HPB answered:


"Do not be afraid that I am off my head. All that I can say is that someone positively inspires me – ... more than this: someone enters me. It is not I who talk and write: it is something within me, my higher and luminous Self, that thinks and writes for me. Do not ask me, my friend, what I experience, because I could not explain it to you clearly. I do not know myself! The one thing I know is that now, when I am about to reach old age, I have become a sort of storehouse of somebody else’s knowledge... Someone comes and envelops me as a misty cloud and all at once pushes me out of myself, and then I am not "I" any more – Helena Petrovna Blavatsky – but someone else. Someone strong and powerful, born in a totally different region of the world; and as to myself it is almost as if I were asleep, or lying by not quite conscious, – not in my own body but close by, held only by a thread which ties me to it."
 -Letters of H.P. Blavatsky, Letter I

In 1865, while living in the Caucasus, HPB had also undergone a similar experience. Sinnett told how Madame Blavatsky described the process:


"Whenever I was called by name, I opened my eyes upon hearing it, and was myself, my own personality in every particular. As soon as I was left alone, however, I relapsed into my usual, half-dreamy condition, and became somebody else (who, namely, Mme. B. will not tell). (...) When awake, and myself, I remembered well who I was in my second capacity, and what I had been and was doing." 

-Sinnett 1886, 147-8

HPB also described to her sister the process by which this "somebody" inhabited her body. She explained that this duality had been taking place since the time when her leg had almost been amputated, when she had been completely healed by a negro, at the request of his "Sahib":


"He has cured me entirely. And just about this time I have begun to feel a very strange duality. Several times a day I feel that besides me there is someone else, quite separable from me, present in my body. I never lose the consciousness of my own personality; what I feel is as if I were keeping silent and the other one – the lodger who is in me – were speaking with my tongue. (...) But what’s the use of talking about it? It’s enough to drive one mad. I try to throw myself into the part and to forget the strangeness of my situation. This is no mediumship, and by no means an impure power; for that, it has too strong an ascendancy over us all, leading us into better ways. No devil would act like that. ‘Spirits’, maybe? But if it comes to that, my ancient ‘spooks’ dare not approach me any more. It’s enough for me to enter the room where a séance is being held to stop all kinds of phenomena at once, especially materializations. Ah no, this is altogether of a higher order! But phenomena of another sort take place more and more frequently under the direction of my No. 2." 
 -Letters of HP Blavatsky, Letter I

To her aunt Nadya, she reaffirmed both the cure and the duality that she was experiencing:


"When my leg had to be operated (they wanted to operate when the gangrene was developing), the "host" healed me. He was all the time standing near an old negro and he put a little white dog on my leg. Do you remember I wrote to you about this incident? Now he will soon take me and Olcott and several others to India forever, only we must first organize the Society in London. Whether he occupies some other bodies than mine, I do not know. But I know that when he is not here – sometimes for many days – I often hear his voice and answer him "through the sea"; Olcott and others also often see his shadow, sometimes it is solid like a living form, often like smoke; still more often not seen but felt.

"I am learning only now to leave my body; to do it alone I am afraid, but with him I am afraid of nothing." 
-HPB Speaks I, 224

  John King – HPB’s "Sahib"

It is important here to note that HPB told her aunt and her sister that this "somebody", "host", "No. 2", or "Sahib" – the one who entered her body, that made her lead a double life, that taught her to leave her body, and in whose presence she was "afraid of nothing" – had also been responsible for curing her leg!

Therefore, the "host" or "Sahib" was John King – her "only friend", to whom she was indebted "for the radical change in my ideas of life, my efforts and so on", the one who "has transformed" her (Solovyoff, 247). When we see John King in the role of HPB’s instructor, in charge of her training and development of her powers, we begin to understand better the debt Madame Blavatsky recognized.

In addition to being a member of the Hierarchy with this specific role of training and instructing HPB in the Occult Sciences, John King was to a great extent the author of the message HPB was bringing to the world, at least during the initial phase of her public work. As quoted above, HPB said that "It is not I who talk and write: it is something within me (...) The one thing I know is that now, when I am about to reach old age, I have become a sort of storehouse of somebody else’s knowledge". 

-Letters of HP Blavatsky, Letter I


From articles by Marina Cesar Sisson- the Blavatsky Archives 

Water, the Supporter of Life


 

Phillip Ball-

The more we get to know about the molecular machinery of the cell, the more we realise that it could not function in any liquid except water. No other liquid has a structure as subtle as that of water (even though some other compounds can form hydrogen bonds), and this structure seems to be essential for the kind of delicate chemistry that makes life possible. Even if alien organisms use molecules other than proteins and DNA, it's hard to see how they could avoid being comparably complex - and how, therefore, they could relinquish the need for an active, sympathetic solvent and mediator like water.

In the early twentieth century, an American biochemist named Lawrence Henderson argued that water seems so beautifully and uniquely suited for supporting life that it is hard not to perceive it as designed for this purpose. Henderson did not know about the fine details of how water gives a helping hand to the molecules of life (although he would have been quite delighted if he had). But he could see that the many 'anomalous' properties of water already known made it an incomparable 'matrix' for life. The large heat capacity, which helps the oceans maintain a steady temperature, does just the same thing for organisms (which are, remember, mostly water)- it is perfect for temperature regulation. Lawrence pointed out that another method of heat regulation is evaporation: when liquid water changes to water vapour, it imbibes a great deal of energy (more than other liquids). This provides a way to prevent overheating, and it is why we sweat. Lakes can stay at a constant temperature under intense sunlight for the same reason: as water evaporates from the surface, it is rather as if the lake is sweating.


Henderson collected together many other examples of the way water seems fine-tuned to support life. Its unusually large surface tension, for instance, means that water is pulled up through the empty pores and channels in soil by capillary action, making it accessible to plants growing at the surface even if the water table is several feet lower than the roots. Henderson believed that water was uniquely 'fit' in Darwin's sense: it was perfectly adapted to sustain life. Thus he believed that evolution of organisms - survival of the fittest, as the rather crude caricature of those times expressed it- takes place in a 'fit' environment. 'Water, of its very nature', he said, 'as it occurs automatically in the process of cosmic evolution, is fit, with a fitness no less marvelous and varied than that fitness of the organism which has been won by the process of adaptation in the course of organic evolution.' Henderson considered that carbon compounds are also remarkably and uniquely attuned to serve as the building blocks of life- that carbon in some sense makes life inevitable. 'The biologist', he concluded, 'may now rightly regard the universe in its very essence as biocentric.'